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In 2013, Jean-Loup Richet, a research fellow in ESSEC ISIS, surveyed new money laundering techniques that cybercriminals were using in a report written for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.12 A common approach to cyber money laundering was to use an electronic currency exchanger service that converted dollars into Liberty Reserve and may be sent and received anonymously.
In May 2013, digital currency exchanger Liberty Reserve was closed down following the alleged founder, Arthur Budovsky Belanchuk, and four others were arrested in Costa Rica, Spain, and New York"under charges for conspiracy to commit money laundering and conspiracy and operation of an unlicensed money transmitting business. "13 Budovsky, a former U.S.
Indictment said the situation"is believed to be the biggest international money laundering prosecution in history. "14 More than $40 million in funds were put under restraint pending forfeiture, and more than 30 Liberty Reserve exchanger domain names were captured.1315 The company was anticipated to have laundered $6 billion in criminal proceeds.13.
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Following the launch of a decentralized cryptocurrency bitcoin in 2008 and the subsequent introduction of different cryptocurrencies, many virtual platforms were made especially for the exchange of decentralized cryptocurrencies. Their regulation differs from country to country.
In February 2014, Mt. Gox, the largest cryptocurrency exchange at the time, suspended trading, closed its website and exchange support, and filed for bankruptcy protection in Japan from lenders.1617 In April 2014, the company began liquidation proceedings.18 This was the effect of a large theft of Bitcoins that were stolen directly out of the Mt.
By 2016, several cryptocurrency exchanges operating in the European Union obtained licenses under the EU Payment Services Directive and the EU Electronic Money Directive.21 The adequacy of such licenses for the operation of a cryptocurrency exchange has not been judicially examined. The European Council and the European Parliament announced that they are able to issue regulations to enforce stricter rules targeting exchange programs. .
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In 2018, the US Securities and Exchange Commission maintained that"if a stage offers trading of digital assets that are securities and functions within an"exchange," as defined by the federal securities laws, then the platform must register with the SEC as a national securities exchange or be exempt from registration".22 The Commodity Futures Trading Commission now enables the trading of cryptocurrency derivatives openly.23.
Among the Asian countries, Japan is much more forthcoming and regulations mandate the need to get a special license from the Financial Resources Services Authority to run a cryptocurrency exchange.2425 China and Korea remain aggressive, together with China banning bitcoin miners and freezing bank accounts.2627 While Australia is yet to announce its conclusive regulations on cryptocurrency, it will require its citizens to disclose their electronic assets for capitals gains tax.28.
In early 2018, Bloomberg News reported that the largest cryptocurrency exchanges based on the quantity and estimated revenues data collected by CoinMarketCap.29 Similar data was reported on Statista in a survey by Encrybit to understand cryptocurrency exchange problems. According to the poll, the top three cryptocurrency exchanges are Binance, Huobi, and OKEX.
Safety and high trading charges are the top concerns.3031 The exchanges are fairly new and privately held. Several do not report standard information like the official statement names of the owners, financial data, or even the location of their business.32 A study by Mistertango reported that 88% of cryptocurrency exchanges are in favor of regulation to get operational certainly and price equilibrium.33.
a b c Working Group on Typologies (18 October 2010). "Draft Report on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing via New Payment Methods" (PDF). Paris: Financial Action Task Force. Archived in the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014.
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A b"Substantiation Money laundering in electronic currencies (Unclassified)". Money Laundering in Digital Currencies. National Drug Intelligence Center, US Department of Justice. June 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
a b c Sood, Aditya K; Enbody, Richard J; Bansal, Rohit (2013). "Cybercrime: Dissecting the State of Underground Enterprise". IEEE Internet Computing (1). IEEE Computer Society. pp. 6068. doi:10.1109/MIC.2012.61.
Byrnes, William H.; Munro, Robert J. (2 October 2013). Money Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and Recovery and Compliance A Global Guide. LexisNexis. p. 2802. ISBN 978-0-327-17084-6. (Page number assigned by Google Books.)
a b c d e Hesterman, Jennifer L (17 April 2013). The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus: An Alliance of International Drug Cartels, Organized Crime, and Terror Groups. CRC Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4665-5761-1.
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"ASIC acts to close down electronic currency trading websites" (Press release). Australian Securities & Investments Commission. 9 November 2004. Archived in the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2014.